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FOREARM X-RAY

The basic projections are A.P and Lateral

➢ Antero posterior (A.P):- The patient is seated along side of the table, with the affected side nearest to the tabletop. The arm is abducted and the elbow joint is fully extended with the forearm resting on the table.

Centering point: - Center to the middle of the cassette or to the mid shaft of the bone.


➢ Lateral: - From the antero posterior position, the elbow is flexed and the humerus is internally rotated to bring the medial aspects of the upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand in contact with the cassette.


Centering point: - Center to the middle of the cassette or to the mid shaft of the bone.




Essential image characteristics.

The image should demonstrate the radius and ulna, soft tissue outline and part of the wrist and elbow joint.



References:

MIT. Abdussalam A. Madaki and Cowen A.R (2019) Tutorial on the image quality characteristics of radiographic screen film combinations and their measurement, (medical Devices Directorate Evaluation report), MDD/94/34,ALTH.

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WRIST X-RAY

The basic projections are P.A and Lateral  ➢ Postero anterior (P.A):- The patient is seated along side the table with the affected side in contact with the cassette. Flexed the elbow joint and the arm is abducted, so that the anterior aspects of the forearm and the palm of the hand should be in contact with the cassette. The fingers are slightly separated to bring the anterior aspects of the wrist in contact to the cassette. Centering point: - Center mid way between the median and lateral styloid process.  ➢ Lateral: - from the postero anterior the wrist is rotated externally to bring palm of the hand vertically, the hand is rotated externally slightly further to ensure that the radial and styloid process are superimposed. Centering point: - Center to the lateral styloid process. Radiological consideration, The radiograph should demonstrate the all of the carpal bones clear and part of the metacarpal and forearm. References: MIT. Abdussalam A. Madaki and Cowen A.R (2019) Tutor...