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DARKROOM ILLUMINATION

 Darkroom Illumination: - dividend into 2 ordinary white light and safe light. White light is important because of the following  • To inspect and maintain cassette and screens • Cleaning of all work surfaces and floors  • And to services the processors  Sitting of the white light  * Sited close to the ceiling (to avoid casting strong shadow) * Moderate in intensity (60W tungsten or 30W fluorescent) (accommodation easier after safe light) * Centrally place or otherwise  All films get fogged when exposed by the white light  Safe Light  A safe light is a red light bulb situated in a darkroom at a distance of 1.2m (4 ft) off the working surface and use for a processing purpose. And a colored lighting which provides sufficient illumination by which one can handle, manipulate and process film with no significant fogging occurring,  These ensure loading and unloading of x-ray cassette much easier and provides pleasant working condition for the personal. No safe light is completely safe; - be
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SKULL X-RAY OCCIPITAL FRONTAL VIEW

  What is a skull X-ray   A skull X-ray is a radiological examination rad tech use to examine the bones of the skull, including the facial bones, the nose, and the sinuses.   It’s an easy, quick, and effective method that has been used for decades to help doctors view the area that houses your most vital organ — your brain. Indications §   decalcification of the bone §   deformities in the skull §   fractures of the skull or facial bones §   frequent headaches §   infection of the bones of the skulls §   occupational hearing loss (caused by your job) §   tumors   How to prepare for a skull X-ray X-rays require little preparation on your part. Before the X-ray, you may need to undress from the waist up and change into a hospital gown. You may be able to keep your clothing on if your clothing doesn’t have metal snaps or zippers.   You’ll have to remove any jewelry, eyeglasses, and other metals from around your head. This includes necklaces and earrin

HAND X-RAY

The basic projections are P.A and Lateral , ➢ Postero anterior (Dorsi-palmar P.A):- The patient is seated along side the table, the forearm is placed pronated on the table with the palmar surface of the hand in contact with the cassette. With the fingers slightly separated and extended to ensure that they remain in contact to the cassette. Centering point: - Center to the head of the third metacarpopalangeal joint. ➢ Dorsi-palmar oblique: - From the PA position the patient will now rotate his/her hand approximately 45° degrees, ➢ Another modified 15° degrees, Centering point: - Center to the 4th metacarpal bone. Essential image characteristics, The image should demonstrate the bones clearly and soft tissue outline no rotation or motion. References: MIT. Abdussalam A. Madaki and Cowen A.R (2019) Tutorial on the image quality characteristics of radiographic screen film combinations and their measurement, (medical Devices Directorate Evaluation report), MDD/94/34,ALTH.  

WRIST X-RAY

The basic projections are P.A and Lateral  ➢ Postero anterior (P.A):- The patient is seated along side the table with the affected side in contact with the cassette. Flexed the elbow joint and the arm is abducted, so that the anterior aspects of the forearm and the palm of the hand should be in contact with the cassette. The fingers are slightly separated to bring the anterior aspects of the wrist in contact to the cassette. Centering point: - Center mid way between the median and lateral styloid process.  ➢ Lateral: - from the postero anterior the wrist is rotated externally to bring palm of the hand vertically, the hand is rotated externally slightly further to ensure that the radial and styloid process are superimposed. Centering point: - Center to the lateral styloid process. Radiological consideration, The radiograph should demonstrate the all of the carpal bones clear and part of the metacarpal and forearm. References: MIT. Abdussalam A. Madaki and Cowen A.R (2019) Tutorial on th

FOREARM X-RAY

The basic projections are A.P and Lateral ➢ Antero posterior (A.P):- The patient is seated along side of the table, with the affected side nearest to the tabletop. The arm is abducted and the elbow joint is fully extended with the forearm resting on the table. Centering point: - Center to the middle of the cassette or to the mid shaft of the bone. ➢ Lateral: - From the antero posterior position, the elbow is flexed and the humerus is internally rotated to bring the medial aspects of the upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand in contact with the cassette. Centering point: - Center to the middle of the cassette or to the mid shaft of the bone. Essential image characteristics . The image should demonstrate the radius and ulna, soft tissue outline and part of the wrist and elbow joint. References: MIT. Abdussalam A. Madaki and Cowen A.R (2019) Tutorial on the image quality characteristics of radiographic screen film combinations and their measurement, (medical Devices Directorate Evalua